Summary of WeVe Got Mail Always Essay Example

Summary of WeVe Got Mail Always Paper Email has become so entrenched in our lives that it has become the common mode of communication in the workplace, and for some, it has become a lifeline to the world as well. Many of us can hardly imagine life without it. That email enhances as well as complicates our daily business is a given. In Weve Got Mail—Always, Andrew Leonard discusses how email saves time and wastes it, makes life simpler and more complicated, brings us together and pushes us apart. (240-243) E-mail, cant live with it, cant live without it. Con artists and real artists, advertisers and freedom fighters, lovers and sworn enemiestheyve all flocked to e-mail as they would to any new medium of expression. E-mail is convenient, saves time, brings us closer to one another, helps us manage our ever-more-complex lives. Books are written, campaigns conducted, crimes committedall via e-mail. But it is also inconvenient, wastes our time, isolates us in front of our computers and introduces more complexity into our already too-harried lives. To skeptics, e-mail is just the latest chapter in the evolving history of human communication. A snooping husband now discovers his wifes affair by reading her private e-mailbut he could have uncovered the same sin by finding letters a generation ago. Yet e-mailand all online communicationis in fact something truly different; it captures the essence of life at the close of the 20th century with an authority that few other products of digital technology can claim. Does the pace of life seem ever faster? E-mail simultaneously allows us to cope with that acceleration and contributes to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of WeVe Got Mail Always specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of WeVe Got Mail Always specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of WeVe Got Mail Always specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Are our attention spans shriveling under barrages of new, improved forms of stimulation? The quick and dirty e-mail is made to order for those whose ability to concentrate is measured in nanoseconds. If we accept that the creation of the globe-spanning Internet is one of the most important technological innovations of the last half of this century, then we must give e-mailthe living embodiment of human connection across the Netpride of place. The way we interact with each other is changing; e-mail is both the catalyst and the instrument of that change.

ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Essays

ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Essays ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Paper ED510 Concepts of Internal External Validity Paper Internal Validity The ability to control the extraneous variables on the dependent variable. Anytime there are alternative explanations for the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, internal validity is threatened. External Validity The ability to generalize the study results to other groups and settings beyond those in the current experiment. Research that can be generalized will have more practical value. Threats to Internal Validity Extraneous factors that allow for alternative explanations as to what caused the given effect on the dependent variable. History Effect A threat to internal validity when events occur between the pretest and posttest of an experiment that could affect participants in such as way as to impact the dependent variable (stress, illness, etc). What can a researcher do? Use a control group that has not been effected or mildly effected by the even. Control Group A group of participants exactly like the treatment group in every way possible except that they receive no treatment. Experimental Group The group receiving the treatment. Maturation Effect Occurs when there are changes seen in subjects because of the time that has elapsed since the study began and which may not be the result of of any program effects. Most common in children being studied. What can a researcher do? Use a control group. Testing In many types of research it is necessary to pretest participants to establish a baseline of the dependent variable. The pretest is usually compared to the posttest measurement to determine the effectiveness of a treatment. However, by being tested, participants may become test wise. Any differences seen from the basline to the posttest may be form testing effects. What can a researcher do? Use a control group that does not receive any pretesting. Test Wise By testing, participants may learn how to do better on the test next time they take it. Instrumentation Instrumentation used to collect data can cause threats to internal validity where measurements are not accurate or procedures are not standardized. What can a researcher do? Use a well designed instrument that accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. Selection Bias Anytime individuals are selected in a non: A study on a new health site, it is probably that those who choose to participate are interested in health. What can a researcher do? Although this cannot be completely countered, recruiting volunteers and then randomly assigning them is better than allowing them to self-select a group. Also, matching them on selected characteristics and then randomly assigning them can help. Finally, pretesting groups on measures of the dependent variable to make sure there are no pretreatment differences between groups can help. Selection Maturation Effect A combination of selection bias and maturation effect. This occurs when using intact groups that vary in their maturation level. What can a researcher do? Pretesting and/or prescreening groups on maturity levels. Statistical Regression Occurs when participants are selected on the basis of their extremely high or low scores. If these same participants were administered the same instrument again, the tendency would be for those who scored extremely high on the first test to score lower on the second test and vice versa. What can a researcher do? The study could be designed to follow a random sample of individuals representing a full range of scores rather than placing participants in high and low groups based on one testing. Mortality/Attrition It is common to lose participants over the course of a study. In longitudinal studies, some may die; in others, some will drop out or move without leaving contact information. This creates a mortality effect. Loss of subjects hurts the validity of comparisons. What can a researcher do? Provide incentive for participants. Hawthorne Effect When participants attitudes toward being involved in a study affect the way they behave. ; What can a researcher do? Try to provide the control group with some special treatment that is comparable to the experimental group but would not have direct impact on the independent variable. Also, keep participants from knowing that htye are taking part in a study or being observed. ; ; Placebo Effect Effects caused by participants expectations rather than the actual treatment. What can a researcher do? Use a blind or double-blind study. Also, ensure that those in both the control and experimental groups receive the same information so that both groups have similar expectations. Lastly, give both groups as little information as possible to evade expectations. Diffusion Treatment The Diffusion effect occurs when the treatment being applied to one group spills over or contaminates another group. What can a researcher do? Use control/experimental groups that live separately from each other. Urge participants to keep personal effects of the treatment confidential until the end. Location Location effect occurs when there are differences in the locations where interventions take place. What can a researcher do? Make the locations the same for all participants. If thats not possible, the researcher should try and minimize location differences that affect the dependent variable. ; ; Implementation Incolges the individual or individuals responsible for implementing the experimental treatment and the possibility that they may inadvertently introduce inequality or bias into the study. ; What can a researcher do? Make sure all persons responsible for implementing the program are equally trained and competent, and following standardized protocol. Another way is to have somone other than the program developer present the program. Lastly, internal validity can be controlled by having a neutral observer watch the presenter. ; ; Threats to Internal Validity Extraneous factors that threat the ability to generalize the findings to the population. ; ; Selection Treatment Interaction Concerns the ability of the researcher to generalize the results of a study beyond the groups involved in the study. ; What can a researcher do? Random selection from a population to form a study population. ; ; Setting Treatment Interaction Concerns the extent to which the environmental conditions or setting under which an experimental study was conducted can be duplicated in other settings. ; What can a researcher do? Consider differences in backgrounds of different populations as well as the settings they are given the study. ; ; History Treatment Interaction This develops when the researcher tries to generalize findings to past and future situations. Some experiements may be time sensitive and not produce similar results if conducted earlier or later. ; What can a researcher do? Take into consideration effects of timing, and adjust the study accordingly. ; ; Increasing Internal ; External Validity Maximize Internal Validity by using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). This analysis equalizes many initial differences that might exist between groups. ; Maximize External Validity by carefully considering what groups can one legitimately generalize to. Also, always duplicate a setting and historical factors as nearly as possible when replicating a study with a different population. ; ; REMEMBER External Validity CANNOT exist without Internal Validity! ; Researchers should always be concerned about ensuring Internal Validity before trying to establish External Validity!

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin is the man who formed our way of thinking about modern evolution. He proposed and explained the theory of natural selection and the theory of survival of the fittest. In order to fully understand the contemporary evolutionary theory, we must fully understand Charles Darwin's early theory. In this article, I will explain the complete background of Charles Darwin to the reader, explain his voyage to HMS Beagle, and discuss his theory of natural selection. Charles Robert Darwin, founder of Evolution, was born in the English countryside on February 12, 1809. Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809. Charles Darwin was struggling at school as a child. In 1825 Charles became a lucky person and went to the medical department. Darwin is a British scientist who built the foundation of evolution and changed our view of the natural world. Charles Darwin is a discovery of evolutionary biology theory. Charles Darwin is married to his cousin Emma Darwin for 43 years. - To date, Charles Darwin has revolutionized the biology that modern society knows well. He is responsible for the evolution that people are still experiencing today. Born in England on February 12, 1809, he became the fifth child of Dr. Robert and the Susanna Darwin family. He has three sisters and one brother. As his father succeeded as a doctor and his mother belonged to the Wedgwood family, the Darwin family is considered to be wealthy. Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England. Charles Darwin's grandfather is a naturalist, a philosopher, and a doctor Erasmus Darwin, and he has published four volumes of his articles, including his views on species development. Charles Darwin's father is also a doctor and I hope his son will inherit the family's tradition. At the age of sixteen, Darwin was sent to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Darwin is more interested in his zoology and geology courses. Eventually, his father took him out of Edinburgh and sent him to Cambridge to stud y theology. Charles Darwin Charles Darwin is the man who formed our way of thinking about modern evolution. He proposed and explained the theory of natural selection and the theory of survival of the fittest. In order to fully understand the contemporary evolutionary theory, we must fully understand Charles Darwin's early theory. In this article, I will explain the complete background of Charles Darwin to the reader, explain his voyage to HMS Beagle, and discuss his theory of natural selection. Charles Robert Darwin, founder of Evolution, was born in the English countryside on February 12, 1809. Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809. Charles Darwin was struggling at school as a child. In 1825 Charles became a lucky person and went to the medical department. Darwin is a British scientist who built the foundation of evolution and changed our view of the natural world. Charles Darwin is a discovery of evolutionary biology theory. Charles Darwin is married to his cousin Emma Darwin for 43 years. - To date, Charles Darwin has revolutionized the biology that modern society knows well. He is responsible for the evolution that people are still experiencing today. Born in England on February 12, 1809, he became the fifth child of Dr. Robert and the Susanna Darwin family. He has three sisters and one brother. As his father succeeded as a doctor and his mother belonged to the Wedgwood family, the Darwin family is considered to be wealthy. Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England. Charles Darwin's grandfather is a naturalist, a philosopher, and a doctor Erasmus Darwin, and he has published four volumes of his articles, including his views on species development. Charles Darwin's father is also a doctor and I hope his son will inherit the family's tradition. At the age of sixteen, Darwin was sent to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. Darwin is more interested in his zoology and geology courses. Eventually, his father took him out of Edinburgh and sent him to Cambridge to stud y theology.

Research in Motion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research in Motion - Coursework Example The Blackberry phones pioneered the era of smart-phones although the competition has grown in the recent years from other platforms such as Android, iPhone and Windows. The demand for Blackberry phone has significantly increased because most businesses have adopted enterprise technologies and there is a growing concern of employees who want to gain access to corporate data securely while out of office. Most cellular networks provide data services hence the Blackberry phone fits perfectly in the ecosystem. Demand has also been fuelled by the growing changes in buyers’ preferences. The smart-phone market is now majorly based on platform rather than hardware and this has increased the applications available to the buyer hence increasing the demand for the smart-phones. The mobile phones have become a central part of an individual’s life hence buyers require a device that can offer extra features (Baumol & Blinder, 2011). The customer base has also grown significantly due t o an increasing middle class who are attracted to buy the Blackberry phones. The increased demand has resulted in the exponential increase in sales and profits. The supply of smart-phones has also increased due to technological advancements that have made it easier and cheaper to produce them. They are many companies producing smart-phones and as such the numbers of phones manufactured is high. From the aforementioned, we realize that the supply has increased over time. Therefore, it is evident that more units have to be sold to attain profit. Smartphone demand growth The market structure of Blackberry phones can be described as a oligopoly. The main players in the smart-phone market are Apple (iPhone), Nokia (Symbian), Google (Android) and Microsoft (Windows Phone). The product offered by these competitors is differentiated through various tweaks to the operating system. The barriers to entry in the smart-phone market are very high. Infact, a company has to lay a huge capital inves tment and extremely aggressive marketing tactics in order to start off in this market. The pricing in this segment is fairly uniform and high. The smart-phone market is characterized by constant innovation if only to remain competitive. The turnover of clients is high since buyers would wish to try out the new and fancy applications in the different smart-phone platforms. Market Share Comparison (January 2012) In order for Blackberry to continue prospering in this market, there is need for continuous innovation and launching of new product. The market of smartphones is very dynamic and this requires that a company stays on the forefront of innovation. The other trend that has a promising future is the applications (apps) market. The buyers need applications in their phones that make their lives easier and full of fun. To prosper in this segment, Blackberry should seek to have a robust community of developers through giving of incentives. The recent data outages experienced should be a thing of the past as this may lead to mass exodus of current users of the services (Redo, 2008). The core datacenters should be backed up and multiple fail-over mechanisms put in place to guarantee subscribers service availability. Blackberry phones have very low price elasticity. This implies that even if the price changes, it has very little influence on demand. With more income, there is a likelihood of more buyers of the

Difference between Group At Risk and Vulnerable Population with Coursework

Difference between Group At Risk and Vulnerable Population with Examples - Coursework Example The group ‘at risk’ in relation to poor health refers to those individuals who remain under a constant threat of facing health-related issues, as they are exposed to certain risks. One of such examples can be illustrated as a person with liver damage, who is being unable to manage regular activities due to the prevailing unfavorable conditions and associated risks (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014). The members associated with the groups of â€Å"at risk† and â€Å"vulnerable population† often cannot manage their respective activities by themselves. Thus, they need to be advocated by the nurses. It is assumed that the members of the respective groups at certain times fail to advocate themselves due to an augmented level of vulnerability in mitigating the adverse conditions such as lack of education, poverty, homelessness, shortage in basic amenities and exposure to unhealthy conditions among others. From my viewpoint, I think advocating the elders would be the best suitable option. I feel so because elder population groups remain weak to the situations of physical stress and economic failure, which results in causing different health problems (Lillis, LeMone, Lynn & Taylor, 2010).

Types Of Probation And Parole Essay Example for Free

Types Of Probation And Parole Essay Probation and parole are two different types of community amendment originally developed to tone down severe punishment for those who committed crimes or disobeyed the state’s rules and norms, though not visible in some countries or states. Probation is a procedure wherein the offender remains under the court’s supervision for certain period of time with a set of guidelines to avoid jail or prison, while parole is a time period after a person is released from jail or prison while under supervision. [1] The practice of the two community correction was the result of opposing beliefs of philosophers, classicalists, and positivists. Classicalists believe that when a person committed crime, he is responsible for his actions and therefore must be punished. On the other hand, positivists believe that the offenders have reasons that forced him to do such acts and deserve a chance to make himself better. Between 1841 and 1859, John Augustus insisted the practice of giving a temporary release for prisoners while serving the community as a lift in their sentence. The guiding philosophy of probation is rehabilitation. Augustus undoubtedly stated, It became pretty generally known that my labors were upon the ground of reform, that I confined my efforts mainly to those who were indicted for their first offence, and whose hearts were not wholly depraved, but gave promise of better things . . .[2]Augustus’ efforts were favored. A French word â€Å"parol† literally means â€Å"word of honor† as used by the prisoners of war when they take an oath of never to engage again in the warfare if released. In some states during 1938, parole, as a conditional pardon, was already practiced. The first recorded official practice of an early release of a convict was during the time of Samuel Howe. It was favored because of the problem in overcrowding in prison increased.[3] In Tennessee, a board of probation and parole, an independent State Commission composed of seven members appointed by the governor, decides whether the offender will be granted the privilege of a conditional release or if he will remain in prison[4]. The factors that parole board considers in granting parole are public safety, age, mental stability, marital status, educational background, repentance, time served, criminal records, level of severity of the offense, actions, rehabilitative efforts, and conduct while incarcerated.[5] A parole is a privilege and not a right, the possibility of denying a parole will happen when the parole board finds that: One, there is a great risk for the defendant to defy the conditions of the release program; secondly, if granting of the release will cause decrease in practicing of the crime that the offender is guilty of or it will promote disrespect for the law; next is if it will have an unpleasant effect on institutional discipline; and lastly, if the release will effective for the enhancement of the convict’s capacity to live a law-abiding life.[6] A prosecutor and a judge decide for probation requests. When under probation or parole the requirements include obey all laws of the society, report change of employment or address to probation officers, refrain from using drugs or alcohol, undergo random several drug tests, and limit traveling unless permitted by a probation officer.[7] States differ in the time span of probation and parole depending on the offense and behavior of the offender. Probation has a maximum of sixty months or five years while parole can be lifetime supervision if a person is paroled because of a murder case or given a penalty of a life sentence.[8] In California, there are two types of probation, the formal probation and the informal probation. In formal probation, the defendant is scheduled, usually once a month, to meet with the assigned probation officer for a regular report. In informal probation, scheduled meetings are not necessary but the defendant must complete the terms of sentence and should not be engaged in trouble. The defendant’s sentence may take account of different sanctions such as community service like cleaning public places, medical and educational mission programs of the government; counseling or rehabilitation, several unannounced drug testing, paying of required fines and penalties based on financial status of the offender and the intensity of the crime committed, reimbursement to the victim, and even house confinement under monitor or imprisonment. [9] Intensive supervised probation is a form of release wherein the offender undergoes a close monitoring and strict conditions. Individuals on ISP are those who have committed serious crimes like for an example murder. They are given excessive restrictions including regular meeting with the officers for reports because of the belief that these will discourage, or at least meddle, any possible criminal acts that is ongoing. Shock probation is another form in which the offender is initially sentenced with imprisonment.   After being brought before a judge after thirty, sixty or ninety days, his sentence is lifted into probation. In split sentence, the sentence of the offender includes imprisonment and probation. Appearing before a judge is also not required. The person will be jailed first, and then will undergo probation. Split sentence and shock probation are often used interchangeably.[10] If the convicted person violated his probation or parole, the possible sanctions are: increase in the level of supervision or imposing more strict regulations, house arrest with close monitoring, revocation of probation or parole, or jail confinement.[11] How can probation be violated? The most common violation includes the following situations: a person under probation or parole is required to pay fines and restitution as reimbursement to the victim, if he failed to do so a violation is committed; failure to complete required programs such as rehabilitation and community service; he is required to attend required court appearance for a progress report and not appearing is also a form of violation; defying of rules like when he is limited to visit some persons or travel into places but then he still insists; failure to attend on scheduled reports to a probation officer; changing his identity, employment, or other status conditions without reporting it to the officers; possession of illegal substances for instance drugs, alcohols or weapons; and lastly engaging in new crimes for he is required to stay out of trouble to avoid new offenses that may lead to revocation of the privilege. The judge and the prosecutor reflect on many factors in considering a probation violation. These includes: the nature and seriousness of the probation violation; the records of the offender in committing violations; the unlawful activity close to the probation violation; justifying conditions of violating the probation; the officer’s view of the violation whether he sees the violation as a big deal or something that can be dealt with; and the time when the violation is committed whether it happened in the beginning, middle or the end of the probation term or period.[12] In case of a serious violation, a parole violation hearing is required. It will be composed of the parolee, the probation officer and a board of selected individuals. Lawyers are excluded in the hearing. In a probation violation hearing, the defendant is allowed to seek help from his lawyer to represent him in the court. In case of a minor violation, sometimes, it can be dealt with the probation officer and no need to take the case in the court, which will just include some verbal warnings.[13] Probation and parole are just temporary release and if technical violations, like failure to follow the parole or probation conditions, or new offense, like performing another criminal act, are committed during the period of supervision, then the privilege can be revoked. Probation revocation is initiated by the probation officer. The defendant will be sent with a notification letter of the alleged violation, and then will undergo a preliminary hearing at which a legal authority will decide whether the evidence and claims are acceptable to pursue the hearing, if warranted; the revocation process will take place. During revocation trials, probationers are permitted to state under oath in their own behalf and have witnesses and lawyers at hand. The proofs that are presented in the revocation hearing are not as standard as of the usual criminal hearings, usually, simple evidence are enough. The possible decisions of the hearing, if found guilty, may include return to supervision, notice with re-establishment to supervision, or jail time. The revocation of parole is almost similar to probation; the difference is that probation is administrated by judicial decisions while the other is through administrative measures.   When arrest warrants are issued, the officers are empowered to take custody of the parolee with the maximum time of forty-eight hours. This happens when the offender is found to be a great threat to the community like when he is committing more severe crimes such as murder, rape, burglary and many others. However, when alleged of violation, a parolee has the right to receive a written notice before the revocation proceeding. He is also allowed to verify accusations of violating parole as well as the right to explain himself whether the evidences presented are correct and reliable that will prove that the violation actually happened. He may confront and interrogate petitioners. He should also receive a written explanation for the decisions concerning the revocation of the parole and what evidence was presented and considered in the outcome of the case. [14] Here are some statistical reports in probation and parole cases according to United States of America’s Department of Justice: At the end of the year 2005, over 4.9 million adults were under Federal, State, or local probation or parole authority; more or less 4.2 million on probation and eight hundred thousand on parole. There was a 0.06% increase in the population of probationers and parolees –an increase of thirty thousand during the year which is greater than a fifth of the average annual increase of 2.8% since 1995. There are twenty-three percent and twelve percent women in the nation’s population of probationers and parolees, respectively. Adults on probation are composed of fifty-five percent white, thirty percent black and thirteen percent Hispanic while those on parole have forty-one percent white, forty percent black, and eighteen percent Hispanic. Convicts released from prison because of parole board decision dropped to thirty-one percent from fifty percent in 2005, while compulsory discharge based on a constitutional prerequisite turn into fifty-one from a previous record of forty-five percent. Since 1995 to 2005, forty-five percent of the parolees completed their terms and conditions while thirty-eight percent were returned to jail, and eleven percent of them escaped. As of 2001, fifteen US states and the federal government had abolished parole programs[15]. Even with probation and parole programs, the number of offenders is still increasing. Law-breakers are everywhere and the governments of different states and countries never stop in seeking for the resolution for this problem. Aside from probation and parole, petitions for pardons and a death penalty charge has been passed to the government and is being implemented to some states and countries. But then, overcrowding in jail or prison is still the greatest challenge to the correctional institution.[16] Probation and parole are both implemented so that an offender may still have the chance to live in the community, though under supervision but at least free from the cold bars of jail, while still paying for the crime that he committed proving he is capable of obeying the law and abiding the society’s norms. As Augustus said, every person has the right for second chances. Not because an individual made a mistake once, he should be punished for the rest of his life. The driving force that pushed him to do such criminal acts should be changed and rehabilitated to prevent more serious crimes in the future.   But before a privilege is granted, everything must first undergo the legal process. References: Law Library-American Law and Legal information::Crime and Justice Vol.3 retrieved July 2, 2007 from http://law.jrank.org/pages/1817/Probation-Parole-History-Goals-Decision-Making-Origins-probation-parole.html Encyclopedia of Everyday Law retrieved July 3, 2007 from http://law.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/probation-and-parole http://www2.state.tn.us/bopp/bopp_faq.htm http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/parole-and-probation.html http://www.hmichaelsteinberg.com/probationparole.htm http://www.michigan.gov/corrections/0,1607,7-119-1435,00.html Stephen Rodriguez and Associates. http://www.probationviolationattorney.com/ U.S. Department of Justice  Ã‚ ·Ã‚  Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pandp.htm [1] http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/parole-and-probation.html [2] http://law.jrank.org/pages/1817/Probation-Parole-History-Goals-Decision-Making-Origins-probation-parole.html [3] http://law.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/probation-and-parole [4] http://www2.state.tn.us/bopp/bopp_faq.htm [5] http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/parole-and-probation.html [6] http://www.hmichaelsteinberg.com/probationparole.htm [7] http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/parole-and-probation.html [8] http://www.hmichaelsteinberg.com/probationparole.htm [9] Law Library-American Law and Legal information::Crime and Justice Vol.3 retrieved July 2, 2007 from http://law.jrank.org/pages/1817/Probation-Parole-History-Goals-Decision-Making-Origins-probation-parole.html [10] http://law.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/probation-and-parole [11] Encyclopedia of Everyday Law retrieved July 3, 2007 from http://law.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/probation-and-parole [12] http://www.probationviolationattorney.com [13] http://www.probationviolationattorney.com [14] http://law.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/probation-and-parole [15] http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pandp.htm [16] Encyclopedia of Everyday Law retrieved July 3, 2007 from http://law.enotes.com/everyday-law-encyclopedia/probation-and-parole

Cultural Shift through the Eyes of Ginsberg and Kerouac :: Allen Ginsberg

Cultural Shift through the Eyes of Ginsberg and Kerouac    Brothers of the San Francisco Beat scene, Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg lived in the midst of a consumer cultural revolution, patriots of a forgotten mindset. While the regional characters of the nation were quickly being homogenized by television, Kerouac and Ginsberg wrote poetry and prose that both captured and contemplated the moment. They were contemporaries, sharing the same circle of friends and drawing from the same influences but produced works seeking divergent means to the same conceptual end. Kerouac wrote with an enlightened nostalgia, fascinated with preserving a form of the pioneer spirit of individuals and tall tales in the midst of cultural change, while Ginsberg's poetry directly criticized the shortcomings and decay of society; neither author completing the picture or the message, leaving something for the other. American culture of the mid nineteen fifties and early sixties is described with disgust and rejection in both Kerouac's and Ginsberg's works. They bore witness to and documented a rich, variant culture homogenized and sterilized by Dial television ads and The Saturday Evening Post. Beat calls to rebellion and cancerous grey images show America on the decline and readying for revolution. In Kerouac's novel The Dharma Bums, Japhy's ideal revolutionary rejects the new developments of American culture, " refusing to subscribe to the general demand that they consume production, and therefore have to work for the privilege of consuming, all that crap they didn't really want anyway such as refrigerators, TV sets, cars, at least new fancy cars, certain hair oils and deodorants and general junk you finally always see a week later in the garage anyway, all of them imprisoned in a system of work, produce, consume..."(97). Their America was a land of mass-marketed uselessness. At a time when st ores across the nation carried identical products, and everybody saw the same three channels of television, the sparkle of regional character started to evaporate. Kerouac paints his Dharma Bums as the heirs of Whitman, poetic thoughtful wanderers. Ginsberg also used Whitman to link the past to the present in the poem "A Supermarket in California", asking the bard "Will we walk all night through solitary streets? The trees add shade to shade, lights out in the houses, we'll both be lonely. / Will we stroll dreaming of the lost America of love past blue automobiles in driveways, home to our silent cottage?

Life in America

Life in America was written by Thomas Low Nichols in the 1830s, it was a text that captured the life and the situation of the country some years after the 1812 war. It is somewhat hard to establish the precise genre of the text, since the literary styles were somewhat different in those days.The specific term here is somewhat, since all the literary genres that exist today also existed then, but some writing styles that existed in mid 19th century do not really exist anymore and the text by Nichols might just belong to a writing style that is gone.Essay writing in its original definition could be described as a writing of a report (e.g. about a country or a situation) in a rather poetic manner. This kind of writing was very popular in the 19th century since much of the period’s literature was inspired by epic works, struggles, revolutions and the romantic spirit. Revolutionary poems and this kind of â€Å"epic journalism† were very popular.The style to which the Nichols text bears such resemblance had a close relation to what used to called Travel Writing in several European languages. It is similar to the descriptive or epic journalism but it as an account of   a journey by a writer or a journalist, to some extent an equivalent to a foreign correspondent nowadays. Before the telegraph that was the only way to be kept in tune with the news abroad, the correspondent would send weekly or monthly reports through the mail and the texts would be published in journals or weeklies.Thomas Low Nichols is the perfect example of a high middle class amateur writer. The language he uses and the emphasis that is given to education in the text show a high level of education. He actually writes as a professional and was a writer by dedication (a quite famous one) but that most probably wasn’t his main source of income.High middle class people in post revolutionary America usually had family estates or businesses to run and wrote, practiced law or got inv olved into politics for patriotic, personal or sentimental reasons rather then looking for a career as the case is today.Nichols is obviously from an estate and business owning family. He shows us that through the story of his father: â€Å"My father had been drafted as a militia-man during the war of 1812, and might have fought in the famous battle of Plattsburg had not his business engagements made it necessary for him to hire a substitute, by which he lost not only much glory, but the bounty-money and a hundred and sixty acres of land, which was afterwards given to every surviving soldier whose name could be found upon the rolls of the army.†His father’s job was obviously important enough to allow him to hire a substitute as well as the fact that he became colonel shows a background of education and wealth.The most probable purpose of Nichols becoming a journalist and an author is a mixture of love for writing, patriotic feelings, positive hopes for a new country an d a new world.He belongs to the post revolutionary generation that might have lived through some periods of the revolution, but were too young to take any active part in it. His generation was more optimistic and â€Å"easy going† then their fathers as well as they were more cultured and interested in arts and poetry then their revolutionary fathers were. They also enjoyed a better and more certain economic situation then their struggling fathers. In other words Nichol’s generation was softer and more progressive.They were also very proud of what their fathers accomplished and Nichols actually gives us a mixed account of what has been accomplished by the war of independence as well as by the Cultural Revolution that was a direct result of the post revolutionary struggle for America’s place as a young and progressive country.His writing is basically directed at young Americans and Europeans in order to show them the progress that was accomplished in the 30-odd ye ars of the country’s independence. He writes first hand from personal experience and the literary sources available at the time.

A REPORT ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND CHANGE LEADERSHIP Essay

There is a fundamental difference in the definitions of change management and change leadership. Change management is an embodiment of processes and mechanisms that are designed by an organization to effect transformation within the ranks of an organization. Another process that is often mistaken with change management is change leadership, although the two processes might have the same conation, change leadership involves planning and implementing processes, tools or mechanisms that are associated with large scale changes across an organization, it involves putting structures in place to make the institution process go faster, smarter and more efficiently. It should be noted however that with both processes, it is critical to keep things under control as there would be outflow of resources to ensure that the change is kept in perspective. From the above definitions, it is evident that when change management works efficiently, it tends to be associated with smaller structural changes in an organization while change in leadership is fundamentally different as it involves putting structures in place that have the potential to take things out of control; it also involves implementing big visions, empowering people and institutions by placing experienced and dedicated persons at the helm of affairs to minimize risk of failure. Due to the scope of events involved in change leadership, the business world often clamours for change management as change leadership involves bigger leaps, investments, entering windows of opportunity at a fast and challenging pace. It is important however to note that no matter the change effort implemented whether management or leadership, for change to be successful, it must begin with an individual or group of individuals or some group(s) who have to study the current state of the business, ref lect on the organization’s financial performance as well as its market position and initiate a process that requires cooperation from all individuals as without proper motivation, all change effort would be futile. When organizations begin, often much emphasis is placed on leadership and short on management. People responded quickly to change. Organizations could, and often did, roll out new programs promptly without challenges, however as organizations develop the dynamics are different — slower, costlier, stuck in red tape, less tangible, less experimental. That is because big organizations are complex and have to continually evolve to  remain relevant. When organizations are accosted by complexity, people get anxious hence the need for certainty and coordination — in the form of structures, policies, responsibilities, and rules — to push that fear away. We cannot change our fear of complexity rather there needs to be a paradigm shift from management to leadership. Organizations have to remain robust — even as they grow, they must ensure that innovation does not get crushed with the advent of globalization. When organizations have high competencies in management and leadership, they are able to meet challenges today and in the future as businesses should be forward looking. However, most organizations are usually lacking one or the other. When management exists without leadership, the company is often unable to change. However the management methodologies that helped successfully develop organizations a century ago are no longer sufficient. Achieving continuous growth in an ever-increasing, fast paced society requires a change. The key to survival is a good blend of change leadership and change management. Change Leadership The management methodologies that helped successfully develop enterprises throughout the 20th century are no longer sufficient. Driving results in a world of ever-increasing change requires a new kind of leadership. Management is about coping with complexity. Its practices and procedures are largely responses to one of the most significant developments of the twentieth century: the emergence of large organizations. Without good management, complex enterprises tend to become chaotic in ways that threaten their very existence. Good management brings a degree of order and consistency to key dimensions like the quality and profitability of products. Leadership, by contrast, is about coping with change. Part of the reason it has become so important in recent years is that the business world has become more competitive and more volatile. Faster technological change, greater international competition, the deregulation of markets, overcapacity in capital-intensive industries, an unstable oil cartel, raiders with junk bonds, and the changing demographics of the work-force are among the many factors that have contributed to this shift. We should not try to fight the natural tendency toward coordination and control rather we should embrace change. As a matter of fact, some people will argue against the benefits of consistency as rules they claim offer consistency and, so the theory goes, coherence throughout the organization, but there is a better way to do this than to insist on rigid rules.

Irelands Economy essays

Ireland's Economy essays The Republic of Ireland has experienced a tremendous amount of growth in its recent history. However, this was not always the case. During the 1980s, Ireland was one of Europes poorest countries. With its government out of control, the public debt was 120% of its national income. Even at the beginning of the 1990s, the unemployment rate was at 15%, the worst in all of the European Union. However, over the past decade, Ireland underwent a drastic change and currently holds place as one of the most well organized nations in Europe. According to statistics, over the past three years, Irelands economy has grown at an average rate of more than 7% per year and has reached 11% in the year 20000. Once a country that identified itself as a victim of Britain, Ireland is now a country that is recognized as an equal amongst European countries. Unemployment has also dropped a significant amount and the economy has moved to full employment. The skyrocketing public debt has also decreased to an astonishing 336.5% and stands as one of the lowest in the European Union. Productivity is defined as an increase in output per hour that raises the standard of living. There are four key factors that lead to an increase in productivity. These factors include education and the quality of the labor force, savings and investments, reallocation of resources, and finally, technological changes. In addition, according to Irelands Prime Minister Bertie Ahern, the countrys astonishing economic growth can be attributed to their efforts in peace, education, partnership, regional integration, and foreign direct investments. Although Irelands progress may differ slightly from those laid out in these four factors, the foundation still remains and aids in the explanation of its sudden growth. Irelands increased funding for education, combined with the use of information and new communications technologies...

Master in Finance Admissions Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Master in Finance Admissions Essays - Essay Example In the Department of Corporate Research at Unilever, I grasped how research projects are chosen and financed based on customer preferences. I also understood the importance of saving time & money while doing research. During my research assistantship at IIT Bombay, I worked on the optimization of chemical processes involved in the death of cancer cells triggered by intravenous delivery current platinum-based drugs. At IIT Bombay (IITB), I was exposed to various technological & social issues. My internships and studies at Unilever, University of Oklahoma, IITB, and the University of Cambridge, provided me opportunities to interact with people from diverse cultures. This immensely broadened my vision and knowledge base and enabled me to incorporate different perspectives and viewpoints. I have always been fascinated to work in interdisciplinary work environments, like the one at Unilever, because it draws in combined knowledge of experts from various fields, thus giving valuable experience of collaborating with various teams. I believe that MPhil in Finance offers an opportunity to combine finance and economics with mathematics and help me develop a strong background for a career integrating chemical engineering and finance. I plan to work in a field that would integrate chemical engineering and finance, and help promote industry growth in high-technology-related areas. The lectures by experts a t IIT Bombay, especially by Dr. Muhammad Yunus have helped me become aware of the issues that often affect society. I have been motivated to do something for solving the problem of malnutrition and growing environmental pollution in developing countries, like my own, by helping develop investment instruments to hedge against risks. This would facilitate the growth of new industries using funds drawn from international capital markets. This includes the manufacturing of nutritional foods with longer shelf lives, at the lowest possible costs, and making the foods available at affordable prices, while manufacturing those products using energy-efficient and cost-effective technologies.

BP's Africa Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BP's Africa Strategy - Essay Example BP is a multi-million multinational oil and gas company with regional branches in almost every part of the world. The company has a head office in the United Kingdom. According to the latest version of Forbes magazine, the company is ranked in the third largest among the energy companies, while it falls in the fourth position among the largest companies in the entire globe (Monasa, 2008). The company has ventured in almost all major process in the energy sector; this includes exploration, refining, production as well as marketing and distribution among other processes. Currently, the company has its branches in about 85 nations. This work focuses on the BP analysis in Africa. BP has an established brand name, and this can be indicated by its fast growth rate. The company has its branches in several nations in Africa, but the African branch is headquartered in South Africa. The company has its billboards in major parts of Africa, this is a good indication that the company is still on the move to brand itself further. BP Africa is facing stiff business competition from other oil and gas companies like SNEPCO, Gulf Oil Company, sea petroleum and gas group of companies, Teresols Oil & Gas, The Hydra group and PetroSA among others. The company has adopted some business strategies to remain on top of the business among its competitors. These strategies are meant to attract and maintain more customers. The company has been on a business growing trend since the Africa Company was established. BP Africa ventures on oil and gas as its main products (Mark, 2007). These products are termed as global products since they are important in any part of the government. Oil is a very important commodity in the current generation where the automobile is part and parcel of human life. Gas on the other hand is another commodity current generation can hardly do with. Gas is majorly used as a source of fuel. BP Africa has adopted some business strategies to beat its competitors. The f irst move advantage is applied in several ways of the company’s operations. First Bp was among the first oil and Gas Company in the continent. This provided a humble ground for its marketing. The company reports indicate that little resources were used to market or advertise the company products. This is because very few related companies were already in the market. It took several years before African countries could establish their own oil and gas companies like PetroSA , Oil Libya and National oil among others. The pioneers in a certain business would always the overall control of the sector, since it sticks to the memory of majority for quite a long time despite the competitors (Schmenner, 2004). BP Africa created a business monopoly or emperor which would take a long time to be broken. The company has however advanced its operations to maintain the customers it captured when it came to Africa. The company also enjoys the fact that the majority of auto-mobile owners like to maintain fuel from a specific company. Using oil from different companies interferes with the efficient operations of engines. Advantage of first move The company took advantage of emerging first in the market by purchasing large amount of oil and gas from African companies at more subsidized price then repackage and sell at a more favorable prices to attract more customers but make profit in